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Benchmarks
Grades 5-8
THE PHYSICAL SETTING: THE UNIVERSE
By the end of the 5th grade, students should know that:
- Telescopes magnify the appearance of some distant objects in the sky, including the Moon and the planets. The number of stars that can be seen through telescopes is dramatically greater than can be seen by the unaided eye. 4A/E2
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: Displacing the Earth from the Center of the Universe
By the end of the 8th grade, students should know that:
- Telescopes reveal that there are many more stars in the night sky than are evident to the unaided eye, the surface of the Moon has many craters and mountains, the Sun has dark spots, and Jupiter and some other planets have their own moons. 10A/M2
Grades 9-14
THE PHYSICAL SETTING: THE UNIVERSE
By the end of the 12th grade, students should know that
- Increasingly sophisticated technology is used to learn about the Universe. Visual, radio, and X-ray telescopes collect information from across the entire spectrum of electromagnetic waves; computers handle data and complicated computations to interpret them; space probes send back data and materials from remote parts of the solar system; and accelerators give subatomic particles energies that simulate conditions in the stars and in the early history of the Universe before stars formed. 4A/H3
National Science Education Standards
Grades K-4
UNDERSTANDING ABOUT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Tools help scientists make better observations, measurements, and equipment for investigations. They help scientists see, measure and do things that they could not otherwise see, measure and do.
SCIENCE AS A HUMAN ENDEAVOR
Science and technology have been practiced by people for a long time.
Grades 5-8
UNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Many different people in different cultures have made and continue to make contributions to science and technology. Science and technology are reciprocal. Science helps drive technology, as it addresses questions that demand more sophisticated instruments and provides principles for better instrumentation and technique. Technology is essential to science, because it provides instruments and techniques that enable observations of objects and phenomena that are otherwise unobservable due to factors such as quantity, distance, location, size, and speed. Technology also provides tools for investigations, inquiry and analysis.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY
Science and technology have advanced through contributions of many different people, in different cultures, at different times in history. Science and technology have contributed enormously to economic growth and productivity among societies and groups within societies.
Grades 9-14
UNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Science often advances with the introduction of new technologies. Solving technological problems often results in new scientific knowledge. New technologies often extend the current levels of scientific understanding and introduce new areas of research.
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